Rumors swirl regarding US expats’ US filing obligations, some of which are true, and many of which aren’t. In this article we’ll separate the facts from the fiction. So without further ado, here are the top 20 things that you need to know about US expatriate taxation.
1 – Expats have to file
The American taxation system doesn’t discriminate where in the world Americans live. The rule is that all American citizens and Green Card holders have to report all of their income on Form 1040 every year, wherever they are living, or their income is sourced.
2 – Expats get an automatic filing extension
Normally, expats receive an automatic two month filing extension, so the filing deadline for expats is June 15th. The reason expats get more time is because they often have to file a foreign tax return in their country of residence too. Again normally, any US income tax that expats owe still has to be paid by April 15th to avoid interest and late payment penalties, even if it’s only an estimated amount that’s paid on time. In 2020 though, the filing and tax payment deadline has been extended further for all Americans due to the COVID-19 outbreak, to July 15th.
3 – Additional time to file
Expats who require even more time to file, perhaps because they have to file foreign taxes first and the foreign deadline is later, can request an extension until October 15th by filing IRS Form 4868, just like Americans living Stateside.
4 – How Do Tax Treaties Help Expats?
The tax treaties the US has signed with around 60 other countries don’t prevent expats from having to file. That said, some expats benefit from provisions within a tax treaty, most often students, teachers, and researchers, and sometimes retired expats, and athletes. Tax treaties largely define which country gets to tax different types of income first, and often allow the two countries to access personal and financial information to help police tax evasion.
5 – Consider claiming the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion
The Foreign Earned Income Exclusion is an IRS provision that expats can claim on Form 2555 when they file their federal return that lets them exclude a certain amount of their foreign earned income (up to $105,900 in 2019) from US income tax.
To qualify, expats must prove either that they permanently reside in another country, or that they spent less than 35 days in the US in the period that they’re claiming for.
Only earned income can be excluded, but not passive income such as rents, and distributions from pensions or investments.
6 – The Foreign Housing Exclusion
Expats who earn over the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion threshold and who rent their home abroad can exclude a further amount of their earned income based on their housing rental expenses, and subject to IRS limits, by claiming the Foreign Housing Exclusion, also on Form 2555.
7 – The Foreign Tax Credit
The Foreign Tax Credit allows expats to claim US tax credits up to the same value as foreign taxes that they have paid on the same income. It can be claimed on Form 1116. It can be applied to both earned and passive income, however it can’t be applied to the same income as the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion.
8 – The Child Tax Credit for expats
Expat who claim the Foreign Tax Credit and who have children with US Social Security numbers can also claim the US Child Tax Credit. If they still owe any US tax (ie if they’ve paid less foreign income tax than the amount they owe the US), it gives them a $2,000 annual tax credit per child. If they don’t owe any US tax, it gives them a $1,400 per child refund.
9 – Foreign account reporting
Expats who have over $10,000 in total in foreign accounts, including any bank and investment accounts that they have signature authority or control over even if not registered in their name, are required to report their foreign accounts by filing an FBAR. FBAR is an acronym for Foreign Bank Account Report, and filing an FBAR is purely a reporting exercise, with no additional taxation implications. That said, the penalties for not filing FBARs are very high, even for unintentional errors or non-compliance.
10 – FATCA
The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act is a 2010 US law that affects expats in two ways. Firstly, it requires expats who have over $200,000 of foreign registered financial assets (e.g. investments) to report them every year on IRS Form 8938. And, secondly, FATCA requires all foreign banks and investment firms to report their American account holders to the IRS or face a tax when they trade in US markets. Almost all foreign financial firms are now complying, and the information they provide lets the IRS check that FBARs are being filed and filed honestly.
11 – Catching up
Americans living abroad who weren’t aware of the requirement for them to file can catch up without facing penalties under an IRS amnesty program called the Streamlined Procedure. To do so, expats have to file their last three federal tax returns and their last six FBARs (for any of the last six years that qualify) and self-certify that their previous failure to file wasn’t willful avoidance of their filing responsibilities. Act now though, as the amnesty is only available before the IRS contacts you.
12 – Self-employment taxes
Americans who are self-employed abroad are still required to pay US social security and Medicare taxes, even if they have to pay foreign social security taxes too. Self-employment taxes can’t be eliminated using the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion or Foreign Tax Credit either. In fact, the only way around them is to incorporate abroad and become an employee of your new company (although this triggers further reporting, and possibly taxes), or…
13 – Totalization Agreements
The US has signed treaties called Totalization Agreements with 26 other countries that mean US expats living in one of these countries won’t have to pay social security taxes on their income twice. These countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovak Republic, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom.
14 – Receiving social security benefits
Expats can receive US social security benefits anywhere in the world. These can be deposited in a US account, wired to a foreign account, or mailed as a cheque. Expats should note though that US social security benefits can trigger foreign tax bills, depending on the tax rules in that country.
15 -Expats married to a foreigner
Expats who are married to a foreigner often benefit bychecking ‘married filing separately’ on their US tax return. This keeps their foreign spouse and their income and wider finances out of the US tax system (assuming they don’t have a US Green Card, in which scenario they’ll have to file anyway).
16 – Currency conversion
Expats who receive income in a foreign currency (or in virtual currency such as Bitcoin) will have to convert it into US dollars when they report it on their federal tax return. They can use any recognized, reputable currency conversion source, so long as they are consistent in the one, they use.
17 – Owning a foreign business
Expats with a foreign registered business are required to report it to the IRS by filing Form 5471. While US registered single owner limited liability companies can be reported on Form 1040, for foreign registered single owner limited liability companies to be treated this way expats first have to file Form 8832. Foreign registered business accounts also qualify for the owner’s (or signatory’s) FBAR reporting. US tax credits are available for expats who pay foreign corporation taxes.
18 – State taxes
Some expats may have to keep filing state taxes, too. It depends on the rules in the state where they last lived. Many only relieve expats of their filing responsibility if they have no plans to return to live in the state in the future. Some expats move to a different state before moving abroad for this reason. Other states are more lenient. The best course of action is for expats to research the rules in their last state of residence.
19 – Taxation of foreign investments and pensions
Gains from foreign investments, and distributions from foreign pensions, are considered taxable by the US even if they aren’t in the country where they are sourced. Expats should be particularly careful about investing in foreign mutual funds, which the IRS considers to be PFICs (Passive Foreign Investment Companies), and so trigger additional reporting. Foreign investment accounts (including pensions) can also trigger FBAR and FATCA reporting.
20 – Seek help
Expatriate taxation, including juggling multiple currencies and tax systems, is complex, and most expats benefit from advice from a US expat specialist, to ensure that they both remain compliant and file in the most tax efficient way possible.
Tax Partners can HELP you! Contact us at [email protected] or by phone at 905-836-8755.